![]() This is so everyone can verify the correctness of state updates and consensus can be reached. Note that, at the time of publication, no part of the Ethereum protocol involves encryption that is to say all communications with the Ethereum platform and between nodes (including transaction data) are unencrypted and can (necessarily) be read by anyone. These types of cryptographic proofs are mathematical tools critical to the operation of the Ethereum platform (and, indeed, all blockchain systems), and are also extensively used in Ethereum applications. Cryptography can, for example, also be used to prove knowledge of a secret without revealing that secret (e.g., with a digital signature), or to prove the authenticity of data (e.g., with digital fingerprints, also known as “hashes”). Cryptography means “secret writing” in Greek, but the study of cryptography encompasses more than just secret writing, which is referred to as encryption. One of Ethereum’s foundational technologies is cryptography, which is a branch of mathematics used extensively in computer security.
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